Three-dimensional Atom Localization Research Articles

Dressed state analysis of two- and three-dimensional atom localization in the $$\Lambda -\Xi$$ configuration

Dressed state analysis of two- and three-dimensional atom localization in the $$\Lambda -\Xi$$ configuration

Microwave enhanced precision in 2D and 3D atom localization at nonzero temperatures

Two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) atom localization is analyzed by monitoring the probe absorption spectrum in a microwave driven X-type scheme. It is found that for both stationary and moving atom cases, the precision and certainty in atomic position can be significantly improved by proper adjustment of the system parameters. Our results also reveal that the high microwave field strength curbs the Doppler broadening effect to a large extent and enhances detection probability to 100% in 2D and 3D subspace at nonzero temperatures. Our proposed scheme may be helpful for experimental realization of high precision position measurement and atom nanolithography at room temperature.

Enhancing the precision of two- and three-dimensional atom localization in an inverted-Y scheme with multiple excited levels

Enhancing the precision of two- and three-dimensional atom localization in an inverted-Y scheme with multiple excited levels

Three-dimensional atom localization with high-precision and high-resolution via a microwave field in an atomic system

A scheme for three-dimensional (3D) atom localization with high-precision and high-resolution is proposed and its control is studied in a four-level atomic system driven by an additional microwave field. Because of the spatial dependent interaction between atoms and standing wave fields, the atoms can be localized in a domain with widths as small as 0.014λ by appropriately adjusting the system parameters. The probe absorption spectrum of the atomic system gives the position information of the atoms and different evolution patterns of the localization structures in this study. The population distribution and its 3D localization structures can be easily adjusted by parameters of the microwave field, which can achieve a 100% probability of observing the atom in a specific space and the accuracy with the value of 0.014λ. Compared with 1D or 2D localizations, 3D localization can further improve the precision of position measurement and develop its spatial resolution, which may produce a wider variety of practical applications with high precision requirement.

Precision in two-and three-dimensional atom localization via detuning and phase shifts using four-level tripod atomic system

The high-precision position measurement scheme of a single atom in two-dimensions and three-dimensions is investigated in a four-level tripod-type system. The atom interacts with the two orthogonal standing wave fields (OSWFs) and three OSWFs for two- and three-dimensional (2D, 3D) atom localization. The high-precision position of the atom is observed by adjusting the suitable system parameters. We achieve a high-precision single localized peak in the 2D plane and a single localized sphere smaller than the cubic optical wavelength in 3D volume space. We also see the impact of the Doppler shift on atom localization in 2D and 3D. We show that the Doppler shift dramatically deteriorates the precision of spatial information. The proposed high-precision atom localization scheme has applications in laser cooling and Bose–Einstein condensation phenomena.

High-precision three-dimensional Rydberg atom localization in a four-level atomic system* *Project supported by the National R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFA0304203), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61875112, 61705122, 62075121, and 91736209), the Program for Sanjin Scholars of Shanxi Province, the Key Research and Development Program of Shanxi Province for International Cooperation (Grant No. 201803D421034), Shanxi Scholarship Council of China (Grant Nos. 2020-073), and 1331KSC.

Rydberg atoms have been widely investigated due to their large size, long radiative lifetime, huge polarizability and strong dipole-dipole interactions. The position information of Rydberg atoms provides more possibilities for quantum optics research, which can be obtained under the localization method. We study the behavior of three-dimensional (3D) Rydberg atom localization in a four-level configuration with the measurement of the spatial optical absorption. The atomic localization precision depends strongly on the detuning and Rabi frequency of the involved laser fields. A 100% probability of finding the Rydberg atom at a specific 3D position is achieved with precision of ∼0.031λ. This work demonstrates the possibility for achieving the 3D atom localization of the Rydberg atom in the experiment.

Subwavelength three-dimensional Rydberg atom localization by optical absorption microscopy

We propose a scheme for subwavelength three-dimensional (3D) Rydberg atom localization in a (V + Ξ)-type atomic system by spatial optical absorption microscopy. Position-dependent atom–field interaction allows atom position information to be obtained via measurement of the probe absorption. Some distinctive spatial localization patterns are discovered by adjusting the detuning and Rabi frequency of the laser fields. A 100% probability of finding the Rydberg atom at a specific position in 3D subwavelength space is achieved under appropriate conditions. This scheme may provide a novel approach for realizing high-precision 3D Rydberg atom localization in experiment.

Controllable two- and three-dimensional atom localization via spontaneously generated coherence

A scheme for two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) atom localization in a four-level N-type atomic system is proposed. The scheme is based on the probe absorption measurement when the atom passes through the orthogonal standing-wave fields. Using the electromagnetically induced transparency, we prove that the probe field absorption is spatially localized in sub-wavelength domain. We also show that the spatial resolution of 2D and 3D atom localization strongly depends on the probe field detuning, the quantum interference parameters induced by spontaneous emission, and the relative phase between the driving fields.

High-dimensional atomic microscopy in surface plasmon polaritons* *Project supported by CAS-TWAS Presidential fellowship and Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC) fellowship.

We develop a new scheme of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) atom localization via absorption and gain spectra of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) in a closed loop four-level atomic system. For the atom–field interaction, we construct a spatially dependent field by superimposing two (three) standing-wave fields (SWFs) in 2D (3D) atom localization, respectively. We achieve high-precision and high spatial resolution of an atom localization by appropriately adjusting the system parameters such as probe field detuning and phase shifts of the SWFs. The absorption and gain spectra are used to attain information about the position of an atom in SPPs. Our proposed scheme opens up a fascinating way to improve the atom localization that supplies some practical applications in a high-dimensional SPPs.

High-precision three-dimensional atom localization via probe absorption at room temperature

A scheme is used to explore the behavior of three-dimensional (3D) atom localization in a Y-type hot atomic system. We can obtain the position information of the atom due to the position-dependent atom–field interaction. We study the influences of the system parameters and the temperature on the atom localization. More interestingly, the atom can be localized in a subspace when the temperature is equal to 323 K. Moreover, a method is proposed to tune multiparameter for localizing the atom in a subspace. The result is helpful to achieve atom nanolithography, photonic crystal and measure the center-of-mass wave function of moving atoms.

Wavevector mismatch and Doppler-free three-dimensional atom localization

In the regime of the Raman–Nath approximation we show coherence control of three-dimensional atom localization with high precession and resolution via probe absorption when a five-level atomic system is cyclically driven by three orthogonal standing optical wave-fields together with one traveling optical wave-field and two microwave wave-fields in an optical cavity. We apply wavevector mismatch and subsequently the Doppler-free technique to the atom localization system to minimize the imprecision in the atom’s position in the standing wave-field caused by its high velocity in the cavity. The position of the single atom is freed from the two effects by collinear coupling of the driving fields with the atom in the cavity. The atomic position is controlled in the sub-wavelength domain of the standing wave-field with probability and high quality resolution by adjusting the relative phase and amplitude of the driving fields.

Atom localization in five-level atomic system driven by an additional incoherent pump

We propose a new scheme for two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) atom localization via spatial quantum interference in a five-level atomic system driven by an additional incoherent pump. Because of the position-dependent atom–field interaction, the position information of the atom can be obtained by the measurement of the probe absorption. We find that the 3D atom localization is obtained with high precision by adjusting the incoherent pump. In particular, we show that adjusting the incoherent pump can lead to a redistribution of the atoms and a significant change in the visibility of the interference pattern. As a result, the atom can be localized in volumes that are substantially smaller than a cubic optical wavelength.

High-precision three-dimensional atom localization via Kerr nonlinearity

Recently, there have been many schemes for achieving high-dimensional atom localization via measuring the first-order linear susceptibility. Here, we present a new scheme for high-precision three-dimensional (3D) atom localization in a three-level atomic system based on the Kerr nonlinearity, which refers to the real part of the third-order nonlinear susceptibility. Due to the space-dependent atom-field interaction, the position information of the atom can be determined by measuring Kerr nonlinearity in 3D space. Interestingly, by properly varying the parameters of the system, we find that there is only a small sphere in 3D space, which means the probability of finding the atom at a particular position can be 100%. Our scheme not only shows a new way to achieve high-precision and high-efficiency 3D atom localization but also provides some potential applications in high-dimensional atom nanolithography.

Efficient three-dimensional atom localization using probe absorption in a diamond-configuration atomic system

A new scheme for three-dimensional (3D) atom localization is proposed based on measuring the probe absorption spectra in a four-level diamond-configuration atomic system, in which the atom interacts with three orthogonal standing-wave laser fields. Due to spatial-dependent interaction between atom and fields, position information of the atom can be obtained by measuring the absorption spectra of the weak probe field. The results show that atom localization properties can be significantly improved and some interesting spatial localization structures such as double-layer lantern-like, single-layer lantern-like, gourd-like, cylinder-like, and ellipsoid-like patterns can be achieved when we adjust system parameters properly. Most importantly, we can find the atom at a particular position in 3D space with 100% probability under appropriate conditions.

Three-dimensional atom localization via spontaneous emission in a four-level atom

We investigate high-precision three-dimensional (3D) atom localization in a coherently-driven, fourlevel atomic system via spontaneous emission. Space-dependent atom-field interactions allow atomic position information to be obtained by measuring spontaneous emission. By properly varying system parameters, atoms within a certain range can be localized with nearly a probability of 100% and a maximal resolution of ~ 0.04λ. This scheme may be useful for the high-precision measurement of the center-of-mass wave functions of moving atoms and in atom nanolithography.

High-precision three-dimensional atom localization in a three-level pump–probe atomic system

We propose a new scheme for three-dimensional (3D) atom localization controlled by incoherent pump in a three-level Λ-type atomic system. The spatial position information of an atom in 3D space can be achieved via measuring probe gain and absorption when the atom passes through three mutually perpendicular standing-wave fields. It is found that high-detecting-probability and high-precision 3D atom localization can be obtained via properly adjusting the relevant parameters in the presence of the combination of a traveling-wave field and three orthogonal standing-wave fields. Furthermore, it is also shown that the incoherent pumping field can switch the localization patterns from the probe-gain sphere to the probe-absorption sphere and enhance 3D atom-localization precision.

High-precision two- and three-dimensional atom localization via spatial dependent probe absorption in a closed-loop M-type atomic system

We propose a scheme for high-precision two- and three-dimensional atom localization in a coherently driven closed-loop five-level M-type atomic system by using a density matrix formalism. Our system consists of not only strong and probe fields but also a microwave field to form a closed loop in the atomic system. Due to position-dependent interaction of the atom in the standing-wave field, the absorption spectra of the probe field provide the precise information about atom localization in a subspace of one wavelength. While numerically solving the density matrix equations, various kinds of localization patterns are obtained, such as parallel wave-, crater-, valley-, and bell-shape-like, in the case of two-dimensional atom localization. Further, the three-dimensional atom localization case is also discussed under different parametric conditions. High precession and high resolution of atom localization are observed for our case and the localization can be tuned to the desired subspace by properly adjusting external parameters. Moreover, maximum conditional probability distribution of the atom is also achieved, i.e., 1 in both two- and three-dimensional localization cases under appropriate conditions.

Three-dimensional atom localization via spontaneous emission from two different decay channels

We investigate the three-dimensional (3D) atom localization in an atomic system coupled by three coherent fields via spontaneous emission from two different decay channels. It is found that the spatial distribution and the precision of 3D atom localization are very different in two different decay channels. Interestingly, by properly varying the phase shifts of the standing-wave fields, the almost 100% probability of finding an atom in 3D space can be reached in two different decay channels. As a result, we can achieve efficient and high-precision 3D atom localization.

Atom Localization Using a Rydberg State

A theoretical study is presented for two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) atom localization in a four-level atomic system involving a Rydberg state. The scheme is based on a mixture of two well-known V- and ladder-type systems illuminated by a weak probe field as well as control and switching laser beams of larger intensity, which could be standing waves. As a result of space-dependent atom− light interaction and due to the effect of Rydberg electromagnetically induced transparency or Rydberg electromagnetically induced absorption, various 2D and 3D localization structures appear. Specifically, the detecting probability and precision of 2D and 3D atom localization can be remarkably enhanced through suitable adjusting the controlling parameters of the system. The proposed scheme may provide a promising approach to achieve high precision and perfect resolution 2D and 3D atom localization.

Three-dimensional atom localization via probe absorption in a cascade four-level atomic system

Abstract For an atomic system with cascade four-level type, a useful scheme about three-dimensional (3D) atom localization is proposed. In our scheme the atomic system is coherently controlled by using a radio-frequency field to couple with two-folded levels under the condition of the existence of probe absorption. Our results show that detecting precision of 3D atom localization may be obviously improved by properly adjusting the frequency detuning and strength of the radio-frequency driving field. So our scheme could be helpful to realize 3D atom localization with high-efficiency and high-precision . In the field of laser cooling or the atom nano-lithography, our studies provide potential applications.